Working Papers


Minimum Wage, Informality, and Gender Gaps: Evidence from Morocco

Paper

Abstract: This paper examines how minimum wage policies affect gender gaps in employment and wages in a setting characterized by a large informal sector and wide initial gender disparities.  Focusing on the Moroccan manufacturing sector, I leverage matched formal employer-employee data to analyze the impacts of a 24% real increase in the national minimum wage between 2009 and 2015. During that period, the raw gender pay gap in the formal sector narrows from 28% to 22%.  Using difference-in-differences designs, I find that this decline is driven by direct wage increases for workers previously below the new minimum wage and to spillover effects for workers higher up in the wage distribution. Both direct and spillover effects are larger for women. Female workers who remain in formal employment are also more likely to transition to larger, higher-paying firms. However, I also document a displacement effect: women directly affected by the minimum wage increases are 22% more likely to exit formal employment, while men and women in higher wage brackets remain unaffected. Most displaced women transition to the informal sector, where wages are substantially lower. Firm closures, which disproportionately affect firms employing more women, account for 40% of this displacement effect. Examining heterogeneity across local labor markets, I further show that the displacement effect is larger when women have a reduced set of formal sector outside options. Despite this increased job vulnerability for low-wage women, bounding exercises suggest that, on net, the minimum wage increases still contribute to a reduction in the gender pay gap.


Can Female Directors Shrink the Gender Gap? Evidence from France, with Francois-Xavier Ladant.

Paper || Media coverage

Abstract: This paper investigates how the gender composition of corporate boards impacts gender gaps within the firm, and whether this leads to an equity-efficiency trade-off. Harnessing a comprehensive panel of French firms from 2006 to 2021, we exploit a 2010 gender quota as an exogenous shock to board composition. In response to the quota, publicly listed firms increase their female board share from 11% to 42%, while non-listed firms exhibit a more modest change. Using firms' pre-quota listing status in difference-in-differences and IV strategies, we show that greater female board representation improves labor outcomes for women: it increases female representation among top earners and the likelihood that a woman becomes CEO, while reducing gender wage gaps across the wage distribution. These gains do not come at the expense of the firm's financial performance: despite higher labor costs, profitability remains unchanged. Boards with higher female representation leverage executive compensation to incentivize CEOs to address gender disparities, and female directors' effectiveness appears to be enhanced by their prior top executive experience and access to key board committees.


Can a Digital Job Search Coach Reduce Unemployment? Experimental Evidence from France, with Aïcha Ben Dhia, Bruno Crépon, Esther Mbih, Bertille Picard, and Vincent Pons. Revise and resubmit, Journal of Labor Economics. 

Paper || Media coverage 

Abstract: We evaluate the impact of Bob Emploi, a digital platform designed to provide personalized job search advice and coaching to the unemployed. The platform, developed by a nonprofit organization with access to France's public employment agency data, aims to replicate traditional counseling services through automated tools. Our experiment included 212,277 individuals, with 56.3% randomly assigned to receive encouragement to use the platform. While our intervention increased Bob Emploi's usage by 27 percentage points, the effects of the platform remained limited. Users made modest changes to their search methods, showed slightly higher engagement with standard employment services, and felt more supported in their search. However, we find no impact on time spent searching, occupational scope, or job seeker well-being. Most importantly, the platform did not improve any employment outcomes over an 18-month follow-up period, with precise null effects across all subgroups. These results suggest that digital job search assistance platforms may need to combine coaching with specific job recommendations to effectively improve job seekers' labor market outcomes.